Maximum & Minimum Density Testing: Relative Density for Sands and Gravels
Maximum and Minimum Density testing is carried out on granular soils such as sands, gravels, or mixed granular materials. The test determines the soil’s densest (maximum) state and loosest (minimum) state, allowing engineers to calculate Relative Density—a key measure of how compact a granular soil is compared with its possible limits. This is especially useful when comparing laboratory limits to field density results during earthworks and ground improvement works.
How the test is performed
Samples are typically oven dried at ~105°C to standardise moisture conditions.
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Maximum density is achieved by vibrating the soil into a steel mould using a mechanical vibrating hammer, commonly submerged in water to remove trapped air and reach the densest achievable packing.
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Minimum density is determined by gently pouring the dry soil into a cylinder with minimal disturbance to achieve the loosest stable arrangement.
Results are reported as density (often in Mg/m³) and used to calculate relative density, helping assess whether field-compacted granular soils are achieving the required performance.
Why choose The Testing Lab PLC?
At The Testing Lab PLC, we deliver maximum/minimum density testing with careful preparation and clear, decision-ready reporting. Our results help you validate compaction targets, understand granular soil behaviour, and reduce risk on projects involving sands and gravels.
Need max/min density testing? Contact The Testing Lab PLC to discuss your samples and turnaround.
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